Public Budgeting Systems: .

Public Budgeting Systems: .

Now in its Ninth Edition, Public Budgeting Systems is a complete and balanced reference that surveys the current state of budgeting throughout all levels of the United States government. The text emphasizes methods by which financial decisions are reached within a system as well as ways in which different types of information are used in budgetary decision-making. It also stresses the use of program information, since, for decades, budget reforms have sought to introduce greater program considerations into financial decisions. <br><br>The Ninth Edition has been updated to give particular attention to several recent developments in public budgeting and finance including:<br><br>‚¬ Steps that have been taken by governments to battle the effects of the ‚¬Å“Great Recession‚¬ï¿½ and to enhance economic recovery. In the US, this includes the actions of the Federal Reserve as well as legislative efforts, such as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. <br>‚¬ Significant increase in use of fiscal policy tools to stimulate economic recovery, in contrast to most recent previous 20 year period. <br>‚¬ The federal government‚¬„s direct role in the operations of the private sector will be explored. The government has become a major stockholder and therefore has a financial stake in seeing that corporations succeed. <br>‚¬ Unprecedented federal deficits, as well as extreme budgetary challenges at the state and local level, including a discussion of causes and possible solutions. <br>‚¬ Other changes during the Obama presidency, including the passage of comprehensive health care reform and changes in the management agenda. <br>‚¬ Continued developments in financial and debt management, including additional GASB requirements and the effects of the recent economic contraction on the borrowing prospects for state and local governments. <br>‚¬ Additional recognition of the effects of the global economy, resulting in an increase in the pages devoted to discussing international examples.